.... naked eye. It was the first extension of man’s senses and demonstrated that ordinary observers could see things that Aristotle had not dreamed of. It therefore helped shift authority in the observation of nature from men to instruments. In short, it was the prototype of modern scientific instruments. But was not the invention of scientists; rather, it was the product of craftsmen. For that reason, much of it’s origin is inaccessible to us since craftsmen were by large illiterate and therefore historically often invisible. Although the magnifying and diminishing properties of the convex and concave transparent objects was know .....

.... This became another motivation for the Cold War. In his historical account of the events leading to the Cold War, Jacob Heilbrunn reports that after World War II, “realists… agreed that Soviet aggrandizement was responsible for the cold war.” (Heilbrunn) They felt the reason, rather than Communism, Heilbrunn notes, was that “Stalin was pursuing Russian national interests that dated back to the czars.” Others, however, accused the president and Congress “of following a consistent policy of economic imperialism, “ tracing it back to the “Open Door Diplomacy of the nineteenth century, which outlined “an insatiable .....

.... for the Union was Captain Constatin Blandowski, one of many immigrants who earlier had fought for freedom in Europe and then joined Lincoln's army. Born in Upper Silesia and trained at Dresden, Germany, he was a veteran of democratic struggles - a Polish revolt at Krakow, the Polish Legion's battles against Austria, and the Hungarian fight for independence. Some nationalities contributed more than their share of Union soldiers. Some immigrants earned the Congressional Medal of Honor. Italian American officer Louis di Cesnola, was the Colonel of the 4th Cavalry Regiment. At Aldie, Virginia, in 186 .....

.... The Cuban Revolutionary Council, the government in exile, in New York City released a statement saying that the bombings in Cuba were ". . . carried out by 'Cubans inside Cuba' who were 'in contact with' the top command of the Revolutionary Council . . . ." The New York Times reporter covering the story alluded to something being wrong with the whole situation when he wondered how the council knew the pilots were coming if the pilots had only decided to leave Cuba on Thursday after " . . . a suspected betrayal by a fellow pilot had precipitated a plot to strike . . . ." Whatever the case, the planes came down in Miami later t .....

.... up, and some moves were directed to fighting mounted enemies. Capoeira was born in the "senzalas", places where slaves were kept, and evolved in the "quilombos", a refugee home for slaves. The senzalas restricted the Capoeira development, because what hurt the slaves physically hurt the masters financially. When slaves fled, they started to practice the Capoeira again in the quilombos. Since these quilombos were often chased after and hunted down, the Capoeira was used more as a fighting style instead of a dance. Then in the 1800s, the Capoeira was outlawed in all of Brazil, but it was later surpressed because its frequent hidd .....

.... of Europe, its power and interest after WW2 would have declined. Even with its nuclear capabilities, Russia would have been far less likely to use such a devastating device, had the country’s political involvement declined to pre-war levels. It was the Iron curtain which brought Russia to the limelight, and it was also Roosevelt who sold the land to Stalin for which he could build his buffer zone. Its somewhat ironic that a buffer zone brought Russia closer to the west. The arms race could have been prevented, but not stopped. It can be explained like this: There are two obvious options to build weapons or to not build. If .....

.... Most clearly this religious tradition is demonstrated by Kumina groups. Kumina is generally accepted as being West African in origin; brought here by the Ashanti. Kumina is based on the belief in a pantheon of gods, mostly non-human spirits associated with natural forces, the worship of ancestors, a high superstitious quality, and the belief that sometimes human spirits return to the living in the form of duppies or ghosts (Bishton 104,1986.) Among the Ashanti is the belief that everything possesses a soul or sunsum, even non-living objects like rocks. Thus the religion of the slaves believed that, "the entire realm of nature has .....

.... etc., it still is relevant in discussing the true intentions of the new nation. If all men were created equal then why were there slaves? Why did the government deny the Indians of their rights? Why was there so much injustice? That phrase simply meant that all free citizens were politically equal. This did not apply to blacks or women under the eyes of the signers. As time went by, the meaning "All Men are created equal" took a meaning different than that of the common people in 1776. The years following the establishment of the new nation were times of refining and tuning of the new government. The question of the true meaning .....

.... of the early invaders, who were called the Achaeans, had, in all probability, been forced to migrate by other invaders. They overran southern Greece and established themselves on the Peloponnesus. Many other, vaguely defined tribes, were assimilated in the Helladic culture. Ancient Greece Gradually, in the last period of Bronze Age Greece, the Minoan civilization fused with the mainland. By 1400 BC the Achaeans were in possession of the island itself, and soon afterward gained control of the mainland. The Trojan War, described by Homer in the Iliad, began about 1200 BC and was probably one of a series of wars waged during .....

.... the "Bugs" Moran gang. This incident won Capone control of Chicago's underworld. In June 1931 Capone was indicted for federal income tax evasion and in October was tried and found guilty in court. He was sentenced to 11 years in prison and was fined $80,000. He entered Atlanta penitentiary in May 1932 but was transferred to Alcatraz in August 1934. spent 8 of the 11 years in prison when he was released on parole in 1939. He immediately entered a Baltimore hospital as he was suffering from paresis, a late stage of syphilis. He retired after leaving the hospital and spent the rest of his life in his Miami Beach, Florida, mans .....