.... metal the electrodes were made of or the kind of gas in the tube. In 1909, RA Millikan, an American scientist, measured that charge. All electrons are found to be identical no matter their source or the method of liberating them from matter. From the values of e/m, and e, the mass of an electron was calculated to be .00055 amu. PROTON- Eugeen Goldstein used a Crookes tube with holes in the cathode, and observed that another kind of ray was emitted from the anode and passed through the holes. He discovered this in 1886. In 1889, William Wien showed these rays to be positively charged. The ratio of charge to mass was small .....

.... by failing to predict any toxic effect on drugs. The majority of animals in laboratories are used for genetic manipulation, surgical intervention or injection of foreign substances. Researchers produce solutions from these animal "models" and are adapting them to human conditions. Unfortunately, these animal "models" can't always be connected with the human body thus creating problems. Many times, researchers induce strokes on animals in order to test certain methods for curing. The downfall of this procedure is that a healthy animal that experiences a sudden stroke does not undergo the slowly progressive arterial damage th .....

.... to be tested in this experiment. This experiment was designed to test if the processing of a carrot produces gas. In turn discovering the health related differences of canned, frozen and fresh carrots. Canning is a process of hermetically sealing cooked food for future use (Encyclopedia.com, 1999). This process is also called sterilization because it involves exposing the food to high temperatures for only minutes or seconds to protect against all the harmful microorganisms and other spoilage agents. Freezing is a process that prevents harmful microorganisms from multiplying, not necessarily killing them as in canning. Vegeta .....

.... and refrigerators are breaking it down. This is the ozone thinning theory: "CFCs release chlorine into the stratosphere... leading to ozone destruction and exposing the planet to harmful ultraviolet rays." Critics who discount the thinning theory still say that chlorine comes from natural sources like volcanic eruptions and does no permanent damage (Brooks 422). NASA researches claim that they have evidence that shows CFCs are to blame for ozone depletion. Natural chlorine is only about 1/5 of the chlorine in the stratosphere because most of it dissolves in the rain water before it reaches the ozone (Brooks 422). Oceans and .....

.... cold (“Cryogenics” Raintree 127, Kavaler 16). The science of cryobiology was first recognized in the early nineteen sixties. Cryobiology is the study of the effects of extremely low temperatures on living animals and plants. The chief concern in cryobiology is to preserve living matter for future use. This method can also be called cryopreservation. Cryotherapy is the use of extreme cold in treatment. The first trials of cryotherapy proved with great results (“Cryobiology” Comptons 1, McGrady 97). Frozen cells can be kept alive for very long periods of time in a state of “suspended animation.” Almost immedi .....

.... In Metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate. The centromeres are all aligned and the sister chromatids straddle the metaphase plate. Anaphase beings when the sister chromatids are pulled away from each other. The chromosomess begin moving along the microtubles towards opposite ends of the cell, which is now in an oval shape. At telophase, the nonkinetochore microtubules elongate the cell even more, and daughter nuclei begin to form. Nuclear envelopes are reconstructed with fragments from the parent cell. Cytokinesis is normally underway at this point also. In animal cells, cytokinesis begins with a cl .....

.... storms develop each year, only a few reach hurricane status, which by international agreement requires wind speeds in excess of 119 kilometers per hour and a rotary circulation. Hurricanes average 600 kilometers in diameter, and often extend 12,000 meters above the ocean surface. From the outer edge of the hurricane to the center the barometric pressure has on occasion dropped 60 millibars, from 1010 to 950 millibars. The lowest pressure ever recorded in the United States was 892.31 millibars. The steep pressure generates the rapid, inward spiraling winds of a hurricane. As the inward rush nears the core of the storm, it i .....

.... the black hole at the center of the galaxy? According to images from the Hubble Space Telescope, the black hole is 20 light-years from the center of the galaxy, but since the black hole is so massive it is hard to explain how it could have been moved. One idea is that the black hole is moving itself. Some astronomers think that the disk of dust serves as a "fuel tank." The black hole sucks in the material which is absorbed by gravity, compressed, and heated to tens of millions of degrees. This theory would explain why radio telescopes have observed radio jets, or hot gas exhausts from the black hole's area. The exhaust may .....

.... insects are caught and the plant continually sends out new leaves during the growing season. Venus flytraps usually grow along the dampish edges of sandy, wet bogs or fens. The plant begins its growth each spring, sending out a resette of small leaves. Usually the plant flowers around April or May. Summer arrives and the plant produces its larger leaves, often on upright petrels. Some plants remain rosetted all season. With the approach of autumn, flytraps get small. In winter they are dormant, with tiny leaves or no leaves at all. In their native habitat, Venus flytraps enjoy a warm and humid summer, and winters are chilly, with o .....

.... The reaction to this theory was immediate. Biologists argued that Darwin could not prove his hypothesis. Other criticised his ideas of variation and how he could not prove how these variations came about or how they were passed on. This part of his theory was not answered until the birth of modern genetics in the early 20th century. In fact many scientists had doubts about this theory for 50-80 years. The most publicised attacks came from religious opponents who believed it was impossible for humans to be on the same level as animals. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was a Frenchman who lived between 1744 and 1829. He claimed that changes .....