Our readings blamed crime on: (1) social, physical and/or political environments; (2) lack of education; (3) joblessness; (4) injustice; (5) inequalities; (6) the lack of religious upbringing; and (7) psychological defects, including genetic disorders. I think those are the "ghosts" of crime. If lack of education was a cause for one turning to crime, then we would have to account for the tens of thousands, of people throughout history in America and the world who never turned to crime, but who had very little education. The same holds true ....