gained popularity because many intellectuals, artists, and political thinkers in the late 19th century began to reject the philosophical emphasis on rationality and progress that had emerged from the 18th-century movement the Enlightenment. These two trends had many effects. For example, new forms of popular racism and nationalism arose that openly celebrated irrationality- the idea that human life is self-directed and not subject to predictable rules and laws. This line of thinking led to calls for a new type of nation that would overcome c ....